Baba Batra 7a — Talmud de Babylone

▶ 💬 Guemara The owner of the lower story said to him: I will dismantle the structure and rebuild it. The owner of the upper story sa…

The owner of the lower story said to him: I will dismantle the structure and rebuild it. The owner of the upper story said: But then I will have no place to live while you are renovating. The owner of the lower story said to him: I will rent a place for you to live for the duration. The owner of the upper story said to him: I do not want to bother with moving. The owner of the lower story said to him: But I cannot live in my apartment in this condition, as the walls have sunk into the ground. The owner of the upper story said to him: That is not my problem. Crawl on your stomach to go in, and crawl on your stomach to go out. Rav Ḥama said: By law, the owner of the upper story can prevent his downstairs neighbor from rebuilding. The Gemara comments: And this statement applies only when the beams supporting the second story have not reached lower than ten handbreadths from the ground. But if those beams have reached lower than ten handbreadths from the ground, the owner of the lower story can say to the owner of the upper story: Below ten handbreadths is my domain and my domain is not bound to you to support your residence. The Gemara further comments: And this statement, that the owner of the upper story can prevent his downstairs neighbor from rebuilding, applies only when they did not stipulate with each other that if the house sinks they will rebuild the house anew. But if they made such a stipulation with each other, they must dismantle the house and rebuild it. The Gemara asks: And if they made such a stipulation with each other, to what extent must the ceiling of the lower story drop before they implement the stipulation? The Sages said before Rabba in the name of Mar Zutra, son of Rav Naḥman, who said in the name of Rav Naḥman: Like that which we learned in a mishna (98b): If one takes upon himself to build a house for another person, without stipulating its dimensions, its height must be equal to the sum of half its length and half its width. Rabba said to them: Did I not tell you not to hang empty pitchers on Rav Naḥman, meaning not to attribute foolish opinions to him? Rather, this is what Rav Naḥman said: As people normally live, and no more. And how much space is that? Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, said: The ceiling of the lower story must be high enough so that one could bring in bundles of reeds of the type made in Meḥoza and be able to turn around. It is further related that a certain man built a wall outside the windows of his neighbor. The neighbor said to him: You are blocking the light with your wall and darkening my house. The one who built the wall said to him: I will seal your windows here and make new windows for you in your wall above the wall that I am building. The neighbor said to him: By doing so you will damage my wall. The one who built the wall said to him: I will demolish your wall until the level of the windows and rebuild it, and then I will make windows for you in the new part of the building above my wall. The neighbor said to him: A wall that is old at the bottom and new at the top will not endure. The one who built the wall said to him: I will demolish the wall until the ground and entirely rebuild it, and then I will make windows for you in it above my wall. The neighbor said to him: One new wall in an old house will not endure. The one who built the wall said to him: I will demolish your entire house and put windows in the new building that I will erect in its place. The neighbor said to him: But in the meantime I will have no place to live. The one who built the wall said to him: I will rent a place for you to live. The neighbor said to him: I do not want to bother with moving. Rav Ḥama said: By law, the neighbor can prevent him from building the wall. The Gemara asks: This case is identical to that case; this case is very similar to the previous case of the owner of the upper story who can prevent the owner of the lower story from rebuilding. Why do I need this additional case? The Gemara answers: This teaches us that even if he uses the house only for storing straw and wood, he can still maintain that blocking the light causes him damage and can prevent the neighbor from erecting the wall. The Gemara further relates: There were two brothers who divided their father’s estate between them. One received a hall [aspelida] in his share and one received a garden. The one who received the garden went and built a wall in front of the opening of the hall. His brother said to him: You are blocking the light with your wall and darkening my house. The one who received the garden said to him: I am building on my property. Rav Ḥama said: By right he said that to him, as it is permitted for him to build there. Ravina said to Rav Ashi: In what way is this different from that which is taught in a baraita: If two brothers divided their father’s estate between them, one of them taking a vineyard and the other one taking a grain field, the owner of the vineyard has the right to an area four cubits wide in the grain field for the purpose of working the vineyard, since it was on that condition that they divided the estate. Why in this case does the owner of the hall not have the right to make use of the light coming in from the garden? Rav Ashi said to him: There, the reason is that they made an assessment with each other with regard to the value of the fields, arranging for compensation if one received more than the other, and they took the work area into account. Ravina asked: But what did they do here? Did they not make an assessment with each other? Are we dealing with fools, that this one took the valuable hall and the other one took the much less valuable garden without making an assessment with each other? Rav Ashi said to him: Although they assessed with each other the value of the bricks, the beams, and the boards, they did not assess with each other the value of the airspace. With regard to that, each one retained full rights to his respective airspace. The Gemara says: And let the one who received the hall say to the other: Initially, you gave me a well-lit hall; now you are making it into a small dark room [idrona]. Rav Shimi bar Ashi said: He gave him only a place that is called a hall by name, that is, a place that is called a hall even though it is no longer used that way. Rav Ashi continues: Isn’t it taught in a baraita: In the case of one who says to another: I am selling you a beit kor of dirt, it becomes his even if it is only a letekh, i.e., a half-kor, and the sale is not void, because he sold him only a place that is called a beit kor by name. The Gemara comments: And this ruling applies only as long as the land he is selling him is actually called a beit kor. Similarly, if he says to him: I am selling you an orchard, it becomes his even if it lacks pomegranates, because he sold him only a place that is called an orchard by name. The Gemara comments: And this applies only as long as the land he is selling is actually called an orchard. And similarly, if he says to him: I am selling you a vineyard, it becomes his even if it lacks grapevines, because he sold him only a place that is called a vineyard by name. The Gemara comments: And this applies only as long as the land he is selling is actually called a vineyard. The Gemara rejects this argument: Are these cases comparable? There, the seller can say to the buyer: I sold you only a place that is called that by name; here, the one who received the hall can say to his brother: I took this portion as my share on condition that I would live there the way our fathers lived there, and that you would not change that by blocking the light entering through the windows. With regard to Rav Ḥama’s ruling that it is permitted for the brother who received the garden to build a wall in front of the hall, they said to him,

▶ 🇫🇷 Résumé en français Le propriétaire de l’étage inférieur lui dit : Je démolirai la construction et la reconstruirai. Le propriétaire de l’ét…

Le propriétaire de l’étage inférieur lui dit : Je démolirai la construction et la reconstruirai. Le propriétaire de l’étage supérieur dit : Mais alors je n’aurai pas d’endroit où habiter pendant que tu rénoves. Le propriétaire de l’étage inférieur lui dit : Je te louerai un endroit où habiter pour la durée. Le propriétaire de l’étage supérieur lui dit : Je ne veux pas me déranger en déménageant. Le propriétaire de l’étage inférieur lui dit : Mais je ne peux pas habiter dans mon appartement dans cet état, car les murs se sont enfoncés dans le sol. Le propriétaire de l’étage supérieur lui dit : Ce n’est pas mon problème. Rampe sur ton ventre pour entrer, et rampe sur ton ventre pour sortir. Rav Ḥama dit : Par la loi, le propriétaire de l’étage supérieur peut empêcher son voisin du dessous de reconstruire. La Guemara commente : Et cette déclaration ne s’applique que lorsque les poutres soutenant le deuxième étage ne sont pas descendues à moins de dix empans du sol. Mais si ces poutres sont descendues à moins de dix empans du sol, le propriétaire de l’étage inférieur peut dire au propriétaire de l’étage supérieur : En dessous de dix empans est mon domaine, et mon domaine n’est pas lié à toi pour soutenir ta résidence. La Guemara commente en outre : Et cette déclaration, selon laquelle le propriétaire de l’étage supérieur peut empêcher son voisin du dessous de reconstruire, ne s’applique que lorsqu’ils n’ont pas stipulé entre eux que si la maison s’enfonce, ils reconstruiront la maison à neuf. Mais s’ils ont fait une telle stipulation entre eux, ils doivent démolir la maison et la reconstruire. La Guemara demande : Et s’ils ont fait une telle stipulation entre eux, jusqu’à quel point le plafond de l’étage inférieur doit-il s’affaisser avant qu’ils ne mettent en œuvre la stipulation ? Les Sages ont dit devant Rabba au nom de Mar Zutra, fils de Rav Naḥman, qui a dit au nom de Rav Naḥman : Comme ce que nous avons appris dans une mishna (98b) : Si quelqu’un s’engage à construire une maison pour une autre personne, sans stipuler ses dimensions, sa hauteur doit être égale à la somme de la moitié de sa longueur et la moitié de sa largeur. Rabba leur dit : Ne vous ai-je pas dit de ne pas suspendre des cruches vides à Rav Naḥman, c’est-à-dire de ne pas lui attribuer des opinions insensées ? Plutôt, voici ce que Rav Naḥman a dit : Comme les gens habitent normalement, et rien de plus. Et combien d’espace est-ce ? Rav Huna, fils de Rav Yehoshua, dit : Le plafond de l’étage inférieur doit être assez haut pour qu’on puisse apporter des bottes de roseaux de celles faites à Meḥoza et pouvoir se retourner. Il est en outre rapporté que un certain homme a construit un mur en face des fenêtres de son voisin. Le voisin lui dit : Tu bloques la lumière avec ton mur et tu assombris ma maison. Celui qui a construit le mur lui dit : Je scellerai tes fenêtres ici et je te ferai de nouvelles fenêtres dans ton mur au-dessus du mur que je construis. Le voisin lui dit : En faisant cela tu endommageras mon mur. Celui qui a construit le mur lui dit : Je démolirai ton mur jusqu’au niveau des fenêtres et je le reconstruirai, et ensuite je te ferai des fenêtres dans la nouvelle partie du bâtiment au-dessus de mon mur. Le voisin lui dit : Un mur qui est vieux en bas et neuf en haut ne durera pas. Celui qui a construit le mur lui dit : Je démolirai le mur jusqu’au sol et le reconstruirai entièrement, et ensuite je te ferai des fenêtres dedans au-dessus de mon mur. Le voisin lui dit : Un mur neuf dans une vieille maison ne durera pas. Celui qui a construit le mur lui dit : Je démolirai toute ta maison et je mettrai des fenêtres dans le nouveau bâtiment que j’érigerai à sa place. Le voisin lui dit : Mais en attendant je n’aurai pas d’endroit où habiter. Celui qui a construit le mur lui dit : Je te louerai un endroit où habiter. Le voisin lui dit : Je ne veux pas me déranger en déménageant. Rav Ḥama dit : Par la loi, le voisin peut l’empêcher de construire le mur. La Guemara demande : Ce cas est identique à ce cas ; ce cas est très similaire au cas précédent du propriétaire de l’étage supérieur qui peut empêcher le propriétaire de l’étage inférieur de reconstruire. Pourquoi ai-je besoin de ce cas supplémentaire ? La Guemara répond : Cela nous apprend que même s’il n’utilise la maison que pour stocker de la paille et du bois, il peut toujours maintenir que bloquer la lumière lui cause un dommage et peut empêcher le voisin d’ériger le mur. La Guemara rapporte en outre : Il y avait deux frères qui ont divisé l’héritage de leur père entre eux. L’un a reçu une salle [aspelida] dans sa part et l’un a reçu un jardin. Celui qui a reçu le jardin est allé et a construit un mur en face de l’ouverture de la salle. Son frère lui dit : Tu bloques la lumière avec ton mur et tu assombris ma maison. Celui qui a reçu le jardin lui dit : Je construis sur ma propriété. Rav Ḥama dit : Par droit, il a dit cela à lui, car il lui est permis de construire là. Ravina dit à Rav Ashi : En quoi ceci est-il différent de ce qui est enseigné dans une baraita : Si deux frères ont divisé l’héritage de leur père entre eux, l’un prenant une vigne et l’autre prenant un champ de grain, le propriétaire de la vigne a le droit à une zone de quatre coudées de large dans le champ de grain pour le travail de la vigne, puisque c’est à cette condition que ils ont divisé l’héritage. Pourquoi dans ce cas le propriétaire de la salle n’a-t-il pas le droit d’utiliser la lumière venant du jardin ? Rav Ashi lui dit : Là, la raison est que ils ont fait une évaluation [...]

📜 Baba Batra — 7a

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